Classifications are central to archaeology. Yet the theoretical literature on the subject, both in archaeology and the philosophy of science, bears very little relationship to what actually occurs in practice. This problem has long interested William Adams, a field archaeologist, and Ernest Adams, a philosopher of science, who describe their book as an ethnography of archaeological classification. It is a study of the various ways in which field archaeologists set about making and using classifications to meet a variety of practical needs. The authors first discuss how humans form concepts. They then describe and analyse in detail a specific example of an archaeological classification, and go on to consider what theoretical generalizations can be derived from the study of actual in-use classifications. Throughout the book, they stress the importance of having a clearly defined purpose and practical procedures when developing and applying classifications.

Museum Of Northern Arizona, Bulletin No. 36; Glen Canyon Series, No. 3. Edited By Alan P. Olson. Foreword By Edward B. Danson. Appendix By Hugh C. Cutler And John W. Bower.

William Y. Adams grew up in an Indian Service family in an Indian Service town in the 1930s. Window Rock, Arizona was the newly founded administrative capital for the vast Navajo reservation, and all 298 of its residents were Indian Bureau employees or their families. With the exception of a few low-level service personnel, none were Navajo, nor did they have any detailed familiarity with the world of hogans and corrals. They were technocrats, skilled in agriculture, range management, forestry, mining, education, public health, and law enforcement, among other things. Despite their varied backgrounds and skills, however, they shared a common determination to "do right by the Indians" after decades of government neglect and mismanagement. That concept, however, originated not in Window Rock but in Washington, the administrative headquarters of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In the years following World War II, Adams lived and worked among Navajos and Hopis in a number of different capacities. As an archaeological explorer, an ethnologist, an interviewer for the Arizona Bureau of Ethnic Research, a livestock drive foreman, and - perhaps most importantly - a trader, he became aware of the myth of the Indian: a belief in "the Indian" as a kind of unitary, symbolic figure, who stood as the surrogate for hundreds of tribes, cultures, and languages spread across the American continent. In Indian Policies in the Americas, Adams addresses the idea that "the Indian," as conceived by colonial powers and later by different postcolonial interest groups, was as much ideology as empirical reality. Adams surveys the policies of the various colonial and postcolonial powers, then reflects upon the great ideological, moral, and intellectual issues that underlay those policies.

Museum Of Northern Arizona, Bulletin No. 36; Glen Canyon Series, No. 3. Edited By Alan P. Olson. Foreword By Edward B. Danson. Appendix By Hugh C. Cutler And John W. Bower.

In 1998 and 1999 volumes II and III of the reports on the University of Kentucky excavations at Kulubnarti were published by the Sudan Archaeological Research Society as numbers 2 and 4 in its monograph series. Kulubnarti III was also available through British Archaeological Reports in its International Series no. 814. Volume I had long been out of print and, at the request of the author, the Sudan Archaeological Research Society agreed to republish the first volume. The excavations at Kulubnarti remain the only detailed study of a late medieval and post-medieval landscape in the Sudan. The extensive nature of the work on habitation sites of many differing types, on monumental buildings such as the church and the kourfa, on some of the associated cemeteries as well as of the rock art provided an immense amount of data.

This second volume in a series publishing the results of the UNESCO-Sudan Antiquities Service Survey in northern Sudan, ahead of the flooding of the area by the Aswan High Dam, focuses on the Christian Nubian period sites dating to between AD580 and 1500. The sites are divided into site types: churches, fortifications, habitation sites, industrial and commerical sites, and mortuary sites. Within these, the sites are arranged in terms of their location from north to south, and include a description of the site and a list of finds. These finds, both pottery and other (including objects made from glass, metal, stone, ivory, shell, and leather), are discussed in more detail in subsequent chapters. The first volume to be published (by BAR in 2004) dealt with the Meroitic and Ballana phase sites. Future volumes will describe sites from the earlier, pre-Pharaonic and Pharaonic phases.

This is the first report on survey work and excavations carried out by the Sudan Antiquitites Service, supported by UNESCO, between 1960 and 1963 in the northernmost region of Sudanese Nubia, an area threatened by dam construction. William Adams describes the study area, the methodology of the work carried out there, its objectives and priorities, and previous work undertaken. What follows is essentially a catalogue of some of the 262 sites recorded and investigated (which included sites dating from the Neolithic to early modern period), focusing here on those of Meroitic and Ballana age. The descriptions are arranged according to site type - monumental, habitation, other non-mortuary sites, mortuary sites - and location, from north to south.

This is the keenly awaited third of a projected five volumes, presenting the results of excavations carried out at the Nubian site of Meinarti in 1963 and 1964. (Before its inundation, Meinarti was a low-lying alluvial island situated at the foot of the Second Nile Cataract, about 10km to the south of the town of The present volume carries the story forward through Late and Terminal Christian periods (Phases 5 and 6), and up to the final abandonment of the site around AD 1600. This accomplished series of reports is designed very much as a work of reference, and is consequently highly user-friendly, with each section presented as a self-contained study.

Babies are wonderful, especially when the sleep well! However, many babies and young children suffer sleep problems from time to time. Some may cry and scream in the night to get attention, so tired parents are driven to distraction. Yet most babies' sleep problems can be solved. This comprehensive guide will help your child's sleep habits. The step-by-step method of Timed Settling is a unique way of getting babies over six months to sleep, so children no longer need to cry or even scream.

Before its inundation in 1965, the island of Meinarti was situated at the foot of the Second Nile Cataract, 10km south of the town of Wadi Halfa. It was the last place that could be reached, at all times of the year, by large watercraft travelling upriver, a circumstance clearly important in shaping the history of the settlement. The total excavation work covered 18 occupation levels, varying in date from the 2nd or 3rd centuries to the 17th century AD. This volume processes in detail the Late Meroitic and Ballana phases (c. 200-660 AD), and is the first in five volume series.

This third volume concerns the funerary remains from the site of Kulubnarti in the Northern Sudan. Graves from two different cemeteries, one on the island of Kulubnarti, the other on the adjacent left bank of the Nile, are described and discussed in terms of their location, descriptions of the grave types within their medieval context, the grave goods and analysis of the skeletal remains. In particular, Nettie Adams provides a detailed study of the well preserved textiles which ascribe to the practice of wrapping the bodies in cloth, sometimes secured with bindings, prior to deposition, occasionally laid on a woven mat. The two cemeteries date to the pre-Christian period and from c.AD 600 to recent times, respectively. Volume I of this report outlines the architectural remains and volume II the artefactual evidence.

This volume completes the documentation of excavations at the Nubian site of Qasr Ibrim conducted by the Egypt Exploration Society, continuing the tradition of documenting the history and archaeology of the site phase-by-phase. Previous monographs dealt with the Ballana phase (c. AD 350-600), the earlier (c. 600-1172) and the later medieval period (c. 1172-1500). The present work carries the story forward to the final abandonment of the site in AD 1812, the period when Lower Nubia was annexed to the Ottoman Empire, and an Ottoman garrison was installed at Qasr Ibrim. Part I deals with the historical record of the site, based on archival sources, Part II presents the archaeological evidence, followed in Part III by brief summaries on the Ottoman period artefacts found at the site, in particular pottery (by William Y. Adams), basketry (by Boyce N. Driskell), and textiles (by Nettie K. Adams)

This volume records the results of excavations and investigations undertaken by the EES between 1963 and 1998 on the largest surviving building, the Cathedral Church, at the site of Qasr Ibrim, one of the very few not totally destroyed by inundation following the construction of the Aswan Dam and the creation of Lake Nasser. It sets out the archaeological evidence, which has resulted from excavations and a detailed study of the surviving fabric, and provides an interpretation of that evidence for the construction of the Cathedral Church, including its subsequent abandonment and use as a domestic dwelling and then an Ottoman Mosque. It also places the building and the site within the context of medieval Nubia.

Throughout its long history, Qasr Ibrim was the most important settlement in Egyptian Nubia. During the Middle Ages, is was both an administrative capital and a centre of Christian worship. As an archaeological site it has produced an unprecedented wealth of material, including objects of wood, leather, and textile that are rarely preserved archaeologically. Also preserved are hundreds of specimens of written material in many different languages. This volume describes and illustrates in detail the architectural, artifactual, and textual finds from the earlier medieval period, from about AD 550 to 1200. An earlier volume in the same series (Qasr Ibrim, the Later Medieval Period) describes the remains from the succeeding period.

This book is a study in depth of the work of Franz Boas and twenty of his students at Columbia University in the early years of the twentieth century. Collectively they laid the entire institutional as well as the intellectual foundations of American anthropology as it exists today. The book begins with a discussion of the historical context of Boasian anthropology, and an overview of its nature and limitations. The work of Boas and his leading students is then discussed in detail, including biographical data, a review and critique of their research, a review in detail of each of their major publications, and an overall assessment of their contribution to anthropology, as seen in their own time and today.

Anthropologists claim to have made mankind aware of its own prehistory and its importance to human self-understanding. Yet, anthropologists seem hardly to have discovered their own discipline's prehistory or to have realized its importance. William Y. Adams attempts to rectify this myopic self-awareness by applying anthropology's own tools on itself and uncovering the discipline's debt to earlier thinkers.
Like most anthropologists, Adams had previously accepted the premise that anthropology's intellectual roots go back no further than the moral philosophy of the Enlightenment, or perhaps at the earliest to the humanism of the Renaissance. In this volume, Adams recognizes that many good ideas were anticipated in antiquity and that these ideas have had a lasting influence on anthropological models in particular. He has chosen five philosophical currents whose influence has been, and is, very widespread, particularly in North American anthropology: progressivism, primitivism, natural law, German idealism, and "Indianology." He argues that the influences of these currents in North American anthropology occur in a unique combination that is not found in the anthropologies of other countries. Without neglecting the anthropologies of other countries, this work serves as the basis for the explanation of the true historical and philosophical underpinnings of anthropology and its goals.